Change in Self-Definition from Specialist to Generalist in a National Sample of Physicians

OBJECTIVE: Current proposals to reform the health care system call for a physician work force composed of at least 50% generalists. Achieving this objective will likely require that some physicians who are currently specialists become generalists. We sought to determine the extent of such change before any concerted reform efforts and the types of physicians most amenable to such change.

DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.

PARTICIPANTS: 335,438 physicians in active practice.

MEASUREMENTS: Rates of change between 1982 and 1986 in self-defined specialties, analyzed with demographic methods and logistic regression.

RESULTS: In 1982, our participants comprised 134,647 (40.1%) generalists and 200,791 (59.9%) specialists. Over the 4-year period of the study, 8319 (6.2%) of the generalists became specialists and 4322 (2.2%) of the specialists became generalists. Although physicians younger than 40 years of age were more likely than those older than 40 years of age to switch into generalist disciplines, specialist physicians between the ages of 40 and 69 years (who accounted for 62.0% of the physician work force) made most of the moves into generalist fields (58.4%). After adjustment for other factors, the physicians most likely to switch into generalist disciplines were women, subspecialty internists, emergency medicine physicians, subspecialty pediatricians, and pathologists. In 1986, the 130,650 physicians (38.9%) in this cohort who considered themselves generalists were supplemented by another 49,226 (14.7%) who considered themselves to have a secondary interest in generalist practice. Physicians with such a secondary interest in 1982 constituted 65% of the new generalists in 1986.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support three principal conclusions. First, change from specialist to generalist disciplines is not uncommon, even for physicians older than 40 years of age. Second, many physicians already consider a generalist discipline to be a secondary emphasis of their practices. And third, efforts to retrain specialists to be generalists might effectively target those physicians predisposed to become generalists.